Sharding, Rollups, and Modular Chains: A Comparative Analysis of the Architectures for Blockchain Scalability

Executive Summary The persistent challenge of blockchain scalability, encapsulated by the “Blockchain Trilemma,” has catalyzed a fundamental shift away from traditional, “monolithic” architectures toward “modular” designs. This report provides a Read More …

The State of State: A Comparative Analysis of Expiry and Rent Models for Sustainable Blockchain Architectures

I. Introduction: The Unchecked Ledger and the Threat to Decentralization The long-term viability of decentralized public blockchains hinges on their ability to manage a perpetually growing dataset known as the Read More …

Verifiable Computation for Blockchain Scalability: A Technical Analysis of zk-SNARK and zk-STARK Protocols

Executive Summary The proliferation of decentralized applications has exposed a fundamental limitation in foundational blockchain protocols like Ethereum and Bitcoin: the inability to scale transaction throughput without compromising decentralization or Read More …